[New FCS Paper!] Child and adolescent foraging: New directions in evolutionary research

FCS members Ilaria Pretelli and Sheina Lew-Levy, along with their collaborators, have just published a new paper in Evolutionary Anthropology titled "Child and adolescent foraging: New directions in evolutionary research". This integrative review highlights the important role of children's foraging practices in life history evolution, community resilience, and immune development.

You can access the paper by clicking here.

Abstract: Young children and adolescents in subsistence societies forage for a wide range of resources. They often target child-specific foods, they can be very successful foragers, and they share their produce widely within and outside of their nuclear family. At the same time, while foraging, they face risky situations and are exposed to diseases that can influence their immune development. However, children's foraging has largely been explained in light of their future (adult) behavior. Here, we reinterpret findings from human behavioral ecology, evolutionary medicine and cultural evolution to center foraging children's contributions to life history evolution, community resilience and immune development. We highlight the need to foreground immediate alongside delayed benefits and costs of foraging, including inclusive fitness benefits, when discussing children's food production from an evolutionary perspective. We conclude by recommending that researchers carefully consider children's social and ecological context, develop cross-cultural perspectives, and incorporate children's foraging into Indigenous sovereignty discourse.

[New FCS paper!] Toys as Teachers: A cross-cultural analysis of object use and enskillment in hunter–gatherer societies

We're thrilled to share our most recent paper — "Toys as Teachers: A cross-cultural analysis of object use and enskillment in hunter–gatherer societies" — out now in the Journal of Archaeological Method & Theory, featuring FCS members Felix Riede, Sheina Lew-Levy, and Noa Lavi, in collaboration with Niels N. Johannesn, and Marc Malmdorf Andersen.

You can access the paper by clicking here.

Abstract: Studies of cultural transmission—whether approached by archaeological or ethnographic means—have made great strides in identifying formal teaching and learning arrangements, which in turn can be closely aligned with models of social learning. While novices and apprentices are often in focus in such studies, younger children and their engagement with material culture have received less attention. Against the backdrop of a cross-cultural database of ethnographically documented object use and play in 54 globally distributed foraging communities, we here discuss the ways in which children make and use tools and toys. We provide a cross-cultural inventory of objects made for and by hunter–gatherer children and adolescents. We find that child and adolescent objects are linked to adult material culture, albeit not exclusively so. Toys and tools were primarily handled outside of explicit pedagogical contexts, and there is little evidence for formalised apprenticeships. Our data suggests that children’s self-directed interactions with objects, especially during play, has a critical role in early-age enskillment. Placed within a niche construction framework, we combine ethnographic perspectives on object play with archaeological evidence for play objects to offer an improved cross-cultural frame of reference for how social learning varies across early human life history and what role material culture may play in this process. While our analysis improves the systematic understanding of the role and relevance of play objects among hunter–gatherer societies, we also make the case for more detailed studies of play objects in the context of ethnographic, archival and archaeological cultural transmission research.

[New FCS paper!] Foraging complexity and the evolution of childhood

In this exciting new article, now published in Science Advances, Ilaria Pretelli, Erik Ringen, and Sheina Lew-Levy conduct a meta-ethnographic review to examine how niche complexity relates to foraging skill development.

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Abstract

Our species’ long childhood is hypothesized to have evolved as a period for learning complex foraging skills. Researchers studying the development of foraging proficiency have focused on assessing this hypothesis, yet studies present inconsistent conclusions regarding the connection between foraging skill development and niche complexity. Here, we leverage published records of child and adolescent foragers from 28 societies to (i) quantify how skill-intensive different resources are and (ii) assess whether children’s proficiency increases more slowly for more skill-intensive resources. We find that foraging returns increase slowly for more skill-intensive, difficult-to-extract resources (tubers and game), consistent with peak productivity attained in adulthood. Foraging returns for easier-to-extract resources (fruit and fish/shellfish) increase rapidly during childhood, with adult levels of productivity reached by adolescence. Our findings support the view that long childhoods evolved as an extended period for learning to extract complex resources characteristic of the human foraging niche.